The automotive industry is transforming as it faces sustainability pressures and must adapt to changing market dynamics. Recently, the focus on sustainability has intensified due to regulatory requirements, consumer demand for greener products and the urgent need to combat climate change. The S&P Global Mobility 2025 Supplier Outlook highlights the sustainability practices being adopted across the automotive supply chain. The growing pressure for sustainability Luz Mauch, executive vic...

The automotive industry is rapidly evolving, shaped by shifting consumer preferences and economic pressures. Suppliers must be agile and proactive, swiftly responding to consumer demands while balancing production costs and profitability in a fiercely competitive market. The S&P Global Mobility 2025 Supplier Outlook emphasizes the need for suppliers to tackle these market changes head-on. Consumer behavior in flux Economic factors are key in shaping how consumers behave. In turn, these...

In an era where vehicles are as much about software as they are about steel, partnering has become essential rather than just beneficial. It is the powerhouse driving advancements in connected vehicles, autonomous driving innovations and sustainable practices within the automotive industry. However, collaboration in this sector can be a double-edged sword; while it sparks innovation, it also presents challenges. Cultural clashes, intellectual property dilemmas and the need for agility in respons...

The automotive industry is grappling with a myriad of supply chain disruptions that have become increasingly common since the pandemic struck. In addition to Brexit complexities, rising material costs, natural disasters, geopolitical tensions and economic instability are forcing companies to rethink their logistics and sourcing strategies on the fly. While improvements are anticipated in the global car chip shortage, challenges persist. As Nimish Ashar, associate director of E/E & Semicon...

As the automotive industry evolves, suppliers must prioritize regulatory compliance due to stricter environmental laws linked to climate change. Investing in new technologies is essential to avoid penalties and enhance competitiveness. We examine the regulatory challenges facing suppliers and share insights from industry executives in S&P Global Mobility’s 2025 Automotive Supplier Outlook. Regulatory pressures: A catalyst for change Automotive suppliers are facing numerous challenges...

The European automotive supply industry is currently grappling with a severe labor shortage, exacerbated by record attrition levels that have plagued it over the past few years. This alarming situation has led to job losses that surpass even the darkest days of the pandemic. Despite optimistic forecasts for new job creation, the reality reveals a staggering net loss of nearly 56,000 positions since 2020, with the worst yet to come, according to The European Association of Automotive Suppliers (C...

The Indian electric vehicle industry seems to have entered the fast lane. The market is flush with new EV models, charging infrastructure is growing, and most of all, sales are rising. Nearly 100,000 EVs were sold in the country in 2024, a 20% growth compared to the previous year. The enthusiasm for EVs was quite visible at this year’s Bharat Mobility Global Expo, the leading auto show in India, now in its second year. The event held from Jan. 17–22 had more than 1,500 exhibitors and reco...

On Dec. 23, 2024, leading Japanese carmakers Nissan Motor Co. and Honda Motor Co. signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to further ongoing discussions for establishing a joint holding company, overarching the Honda and Nissan brands. While the merger could create the world’s third-largest vehicle manufacturer by sales, Nissan and Honda expect that the revenue of a joint holding company could exceed ¥30 trillion ($192.66 billion) with a 10% operating profit margin. This level of profit...

As we approach the end of 2024, our Talking Heads series delves into conversations with the practice leads at AutoTechInsight. The aim is to explore the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in their respective domains. In 2024, the automotive sector faced a series of challenges that tested its adaptability. Supply chain disruptions, coupled with declining raw material costs like lithium, added to these difficulties. Amidst these challenges, manufacturers began pivoting toward plug-in h...

The new CUPRA Terramaris designed in Barcelona and manufactured in Győr, Hungry. Production of the car is expected to peak at 71900 in 2025, according to a forecast from S&P Global Mobility. Image Source : CUPRA  Suppliers to the CUPRA Terramaris COMPONENT NAME SUPPLIERS Low -voltage battery Clarios A/C Compressor Denso Die-Casting Inverter Housing FOMA Spa Gear Shifter - Shift by Wire Kostal ...

In October 2024, French Energy company Engie SA ceased operations of EV Box, an Amsterdam-based supplier of EV charging stations for residential and commercial purposes, after failing for months to find a buyer for its loss-making subsidiary. The only saving grace was that Engie managed to sell off EV Box’s DC business, named EVTronic, to engineering and electrical installation services company Financière de Pessac, which took over EV Box’s facility in Bordeaux, France. Although Engie sa...

Citroën, one of the youngest car brands in India, has already taken a step that some of the earliest brands have yet to undertake — launching an electric vehicle. The Stellantis Group brand launched the electric version of its hatchback C3 within six months of introducing the internal combustion engine (ICE) C3 in 2022. Citroën said the move reflected its confidence in the Indian EV segment, despite its infancy and challenges. Srikant Jayanthan and Viroop Narla of S&P Global Mobility spo...

In the aftermath of the US election, President-elect Donald Trump’s impending return to the Oval Office has sparked widespread speculation about the implications of his second term, particularly in the automotive sector. As the world watches, the intersection of politics and innovation becomes a focal point, with the administration's stance on the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and its impact on electric vehicle supply chains taking center stage. Meanwhile, the alliance between Elon Musk and th...

The electric vehicle charging space in India is powering up. The past few quarters have brought many announcements of collaborations between automakers, power companies, oil retailers, charging hardware manufacturers and service providers to expand the network of public EV charging stations across the country. However, the path is far from smooth with several obstacles remaining to be navigated around. This week, Tata Power, one of India's largest integrated power companies, announced it had ...

Longer range and faster charging speeds are probably the two most important aspects that prospective owners look for in an electric vehicle. While battery technology is important, power electronics play an equally important role in ensuring these attributes are met in an EV. Power electronics is a term that refers to a process that controls the flow of current and voltage and converts it into a form that is appropriate for user loads. A power electronics system converts electrical energy into...

In 2023, the EU passed a new regulation called the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR) as a replacement to the original Directive 2014/94/EU on alternative-fuel infrastructure, the Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Directive (AFID). On April 13, 2024, the new regulation came into effect, with the aim to improve user experience and convenience while charging electric vehicles at public chargers. The AFIR sets binding targets for refueling infrastructure powered by electricity or o...

In July 2023, seven global carmakers — BMW, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, Kia, Mercedes-Benz and Stellantis — came together to set up a joint venture focused on providing a reliable, high-speed electric vehicle charging network across North America. The JV has a goal of providing a reliable DC charging network that can offer a seamless charging experience, aimed at exceeding customer expectations in a market that is marred by a lack of adequate EV charging networks, range anxiety, dysfunct...

The BMW 5-series is produced at the company’s Dingolfing plant in Germany . Production of the car is expected to peak at 37949 in 2024, according to a forecast from S&P Global Mobility. Image Source : BMW (ICE version shown)  Suppliers to  BMW 5-Series COMPONENT NAME SUPPLIERS Prop Shaft Hirschvogel Automotive Group Floor Carpet Auria HVAC Module Denso Low-voltage battery Clarios ...

As the world awoke on the morning of March 26 to the news that there had been a crash involving a container ship and the Francis Scott Key Bridge in the city of Baltimore, which had caused the bridge to collapse, immediate thoughts were with the safety and welfare of all concerned. Six people are missing, presumed dead in the tragic aftermath. Traffic through the port will be suspended until further notice and looks set to cause disruption to trade and supply chains. One of the sectors that w...

The French government has put out several new updates in its electric vehicle policy, including the rollback of €1,000 in the ecological bonus that was applicable on the acquisition of new private cars and vans for households with the highest income in the country. In the official decree published Feb. 12, the government modified the terms of the ecological bonus for the purchase or rental of a private electric car by reducing the earlier incentive of €5,000 to €4,000 for individuals wi...

Over the years, the opinions on the feasibility of battery swapping technology have ranged from one extreme to the other with some stakeholders being optimistic about its future, and others believing it to be too niche and complicated to be a mass-market solution. The technology has come under spotlight again with Stellantis and Ample announcing a partnership in December 2023 for battery swapping solution. The two companies signed a binding agreement to establish a partnership under which Amp...

One of the two biggest impediments to a faster uptake of electric vehicles is the concern about charging times. Depending on the type of charger and the charging rate capacity of the EV, charging times can vary from fewer than 30 minutes to several hours. To ascertain what charging times are acceptable to a consumer, S&P Global Mobility conducted a consumer analysis survey in 2023. The methodology followed was the target split of 30/70 for EV/hybrid vehicle owners and non-owners that were...

As we approach the end of 2023, our “Talking Heads” series delves into conversations with the practice leads at AutoTechInsight. The aim is to explore the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in their respective domains. The automotive industry faces challenges and opportunities shaped by the pandemic and technological advancements. Electrification is a key factor impacting new car prices, especially in Europe. A potential price war among EVs in mainland China is a concern. Afforda...

Hundreds of thousands of electric vehicle charging stations are needed around the world to support the transition to electric mobility. However, not all countries are moving at the same pace to build public EV charging infrastructure. This is due to many reasons, including the growth rate of EV sales and cost of acquiring and installing charging stations, which can vary significantly in many countries due to state and federal credits, rebates and incentives. For public charging station compan...

In mid-October, Nikkei reported that Japanese city Kashiwa is testing a technology that will allow electric vehicles (EV) to recharge wirelessly while being driven on public roads. Japan has joined a growing list of countries in Europe, mainland China and North America, where such projects are underway to gauge the safety, reliability and commercialization aspects of the technology. In the Japanese project, where charging coils have been embedded in the road surface at traffic signals, tests are...

Andersen EV is owned by David Martell, who founded Chargemaster in 2008 before selling it to BP 10 years later. He was an advisor on electric vehicle infrastructure to the UK government’s Transport Department from 1995 to 2000. We caught up with him to learn more about the UK home-charging market. Takeaways: Unlike many competitors in the market, the Andersen A2 focuses on design and aesthetic appeal. The charger integrates smart technology, offering features such as solar compatibili...

After a week into the persisting standoff with the Detroit Three – General Motors, Ford Motor Company and Stellantis – the United Auto Workers (UAW) announced on September 22 that it is expanding the ongoing strike to 38 parts distribution locations across 20 states in the US. In its second wave, the UAW strike aims to target the aftersales and service facilities, which is expected to have a direct and immediate impact on the carmaker’s dealerships, and therefore customers. While the UA...

In July, an important piece of legislation related to electric vehicle charging received a boost in Europe. Members of the European Parliament (MEP) approved and adopted the new proposed rules under the Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR). The AFIR, in essence, is the successor to the original Directive 2014/94/EU on alternative-fuel infrastructure, called the Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Directive (AFID). The directive created a framework for deployment of infrastructure net...

Access to charging stations is one of the main priorities for electric vehicle buyers. According to the 2022 E-Mobility consumer analysis conducted by S&P Global Mobility in late 2022, most respondents believe that the existing charging infrastructure was insufficient for their charging needs. This opinion differs by country with Japanese respondents coming in at the lowest end with only about 7% believing the infrastructure was sufficient, while those in mainland China were the highest a...

With the rapid rates of electric vehicle adoption continuing in major markets globally, legislative agendas supporting aggressive transitions to phase out mainstream internal combustion engine (ICE) usage, and supply chains gearing up accordingly, the narrative around electrification technology is shifting toward one of maturity and scale. Click the link above to download the full article.

The current electric vehicle charging infrastructure offering is diverse in terms of product quality, user experience and payment systems. Sometimes chargers are out of service. Sometimes the payment system is down. Given that the EV charging network is still in its infancy, there is plenty of room for improvement. To learn more about tomorrow’s charging infrastructure, trends in the public transport charging space and the 30-minute retail economy, we spoke to Bill Loewenthal, chief product of...

The role of manganese in the battery-material conversation is frequently disregarded, given that it is used in smaller amounts compared with other metals in lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. Its primary function is as a stabilizer in the cathode. However, there is growing OEM and investor interest in manganese. Tesla and Volkswagen have expressed interest in shifting their Li-ion battery designs away from cobalt and nickel and toward manganese. Mainland China dominates the manganese market, accoun...

In Brazil, intermodal transport is limited, with average truck trips spanning more than 2,000 km. Combine that with a commercial truck fleet averaging 12 years of age, and a lack of affordable options to replace with new vehicles, and Brazil is facing a truck-emissions timebomb. Brazil has a truck parc of 2.2 million units, and the movements to modernize the fleet by agribusiness, e-commerce and construction have contributed to reducing the fleet average age. However, while the emission restr...

On June 8, General Motors Company (GM) announced that it is collaborating with Tesla to integrate the latter’s North American Charging Standard (NACS) connector design into its own electric vehicle lineup. As a result of this alignment, GM EV drivers will also get access to Tesla’s Supercharger network across North America — one of the largest fast-charging networks in the region. Talking to Tesla chief Elon Musk, in a Twitter Spaces event on the same day, GM CEO Mary Barra, said, “Yo...

Although the stakeholders ranging from vehicle and battery manufacturers, charging network operators and policymakers are working together to ensure large-scale EV adoption, range anxiety and long battery charging durations continue to be among the primary roadblocks, deterring the consumers to buy into the EVs globally. According to the US auto lobby Alliance for Automotive Innovation (AAI), battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) comprised only 7% of the new light-duty vehicle sales in 2022, with ...

Many industry studies, including the S&P Global Mobility consumer survey conducted in 2022, have found that “limited access to electric vehicle charging infrastructure” was one of the primary challenges toward electrification. Low numbers of EVs on the road meant low return on investment (ROI) for charging station operators, which led to inadequate deployment of charging infrastructure. This in turn dissuaded potential customers from buying EVs.  To break out of this vicious circ...

Batteries and motors are the two main components that come to mind when we think of performance and efficiency in an electrified vehicle. However, power electronics equipped in a vehicle play an equally important role in determining these two attributes of the vehicles. Power electronics components such as the inverter, DC/DC converter, onboard charger (OBC) and charging connector can help improve the efficiency of the overall system, thus increasing the range of the vehicle and reducing ch...

The Chevrolet Silverado EV is produced at Factory ZERO assembly plant. The vehicle is expected to peak at more than 53088 in 2024, according to S&P Global Mobility forecast.

UK-based McLaren Applied is a specialist in vehicle electrification, particularly inverters. It recently struck a deal with STMicroelectronics for the supply of silicon carbide power modules for its 800V inverter. Inverter technology is rapidly adopting silicon carbide semiconductors, and McLaren has turned to the Geneva-based company in the absence of a local supply chain. To learn more about the inverters market and the migration from distributed ECU E/E architecture to a centralized zona...

A recurring point of view of most industry watchers on the electric vehicle (EV) charging industry is that the speed of charging and easy access to charging networks will be among the most important factors that will help accelerate adoption of EVs globally. According to the S&P Global 2022 E-Mobility Consumer Survey on EV ownership and intention, nearly 43% and around 40% of the respondents, respectively, indicated the lack of charging station availability and time required for charging to ...

Tesla's co-founder and CEO Elon Musk believes that the desire for people to own a Tesla car is very high. The limiting factor is the (un)affordability of these cars. Remedying that seems to be the next goal for Musk as he wants to reduce the cost of producing the next-generation Tesla models by almost half, making them more affordable. On 1 March, Tesla hosted its Investor’s Day at its Texas gigafactory, where it presented its ‘Master Plan 3’, which succeeds the previous two Master...

The Volvo EX90 is built at Volvo's Charleston, South Carolina plant. The full-sized SUV is expected to peak at more than 46585 in 2024, according to S&P Global Mobility forecast.

The Mercedes-Benz GLC produced at the at the Beijing plant in China. The vehicle is expected to peak at more than 122981 in 2024, according to S&P Global Mobility forecast.

Jeep first electric vehicle (EV) named Avenger is produced in Stellantis plant in Tychy, Poland. S&P Global Mobility forecasts that the highest year of production for C4 X will be 2024, when more than 72726 units will be produced.  

In an attempt to sharpen its focus on electric vehicle (EV) technologies while accelerating growth under the “Charging Forward” strategy, the Michigan-based automotive component supplier BorgWarner Inc. said on December 6, 2022, that it plans to spin off its fuel systems and aftermarket businesses into a separate, publicly traded company (NewCo). The announcement comes amid the ongoing global shift to EVs as both automakers and component suppliers transition supply chains and their respec...

The new Maserati  GranTurismo is produced at Stellantis' Mirafiori plant in Turin. S&P Global Mobility forecasts that the highest year of production for this vehicle will be 2024, when more than 3744 units will be produced.

From the first rumblings out of China in December 2020 the semiconductor has gone on to dominate discussions around the automotive sector. The issues are still ongoing – just last week Jaguar Land Rover announced it was slowing production of certain models due to a continuing supply squeeze – and a few voices in the industry are being heard speculating that the crunch will last until 2026. To get a perspective on the current situation and future developments we talked with Jeremie Bouchaud, ...

The CASE megatrends – connected, autonomous, shared and electric – in case you’ve not been paying attention, have been the hot topics of the automotive industry in the past decade. They’ve even given rise to talk of the industry in the whole as the mobility industry rather than the more prosaic automotive industry. But is the CASE narrative running into trouble? Hot on the heels of the news that Ford and VW were exiting their Argo AI autonomous driving technology venture came news out...

The biennial Paris Motor Show (Mondial de l'Automobile in French) alternates with the Frankfurt Motor Show. The 2022 edition, which took place from 17–23 October 2022 at the Paris Expo Porte de Versailles, returned in four years after the last one planned in March 2020 was canceled due to the pandemic. The 2022 edition of the show also indicated that automotive shows are becoming a diminishing affair. The list of no-shows included Stellantis’s Fiat, Maserati and Alfa-Romeo brands; VW and ...

Japan’s DENSO Corporation, one of the leading global automotive suppliers of powertrain, thermal, and safety systems, recorded a 4.2% year-on-year (y/y) decline in its fiscal year (FY) 2021 revenue, which stood at JPY4,936.7 billion (about USD45.1 billion). The company attributed this year-on-year fall to the significant decline in car sales resulting from COVID-19, followed by the shortages in semiconductors and other raw materials. Yasushi Matsui, CEO at DENSO Corporation, projected in the c...

The 2022 edition of the North American International Auto Show (NAIAS) featured a redesigned layout, with the main exhibits and many events indoors at Huntington Place, and other events outdoors in nearby Hart Plaza. Participation was limited this year, with hometown automakers—Ford, General Motors (GM), and Stellantis—carrying the show. Other major exhibitors were Toyota, Subaru, Nissan, Hyundai, and Mercedes-Benz. With many other big automakers and brands keeping away from the show, the ma...

According to S&P Global Mobility, the new Jeep Grand Cherokee's highest year of production will be 2023, when more than 175780 units will be produced.

The new third generation Austral mid-sized SUV is assembled at the carmaker's facility in Palencia, Spain. S&P Global Mobility forecasts that the highest year of production for this SUV will be 2023, when more than 117326 units will be produced.  

Built in Stellantis’ factory in Pomigliano, Italy ,  Dodge Hornet is expected to peak at more than 32430 in 2023, according to S&P Global Mobility forecast.

The new EQE SUV is assembled at the Mercedes-Benz Tuscaloosa plant in Alabama. Tuscaloosa is a key production location for Mercedes-EQ luxury electric SUVs, including the EQS SUV and the EQE SUV, which will be available later this year. According to S&P Global Mobility, the highest year of production for this SUV will be 2023, when more than 36810 units will be produced.

The need to establish a sustainable global transportation system, which accounts for nearly one-third of the global carbon emissions, is leading to rapid electrification of vehicles across segments. As several countries continue to tighten the emission norms for automobiles and roll out new policies for the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), vehicle manufacturers are increasingly investing in their respective product portfolios, supply chains, new technologies, and EV ecosystem to ensure that ...

Complexity in the software has increased to a level where it has become not just difficult to debug and maintain, but it has compounded an OEM’s already difficult situation to comprehend the overall system interactions between various electronic control units (ECUs) and to properly test all the various combinations of features in a car. Most of the software in vehicles is written by suppliers that also use third-party software and work with externals, so the OEM’s control on the result is ve...

The Tesla Model Y is manufactured at the automaker's factory in Gruenheide, Germany. Output of the mid-size SUV is expected to peak at more than 241600 in 2023, according to IHS Markit.

China, the largest electric car market in the world, is expected to drive global benchmarks in electric vehicle battery swapping practices, as well as the emerging battery-as-a-service, or BaaS, industry. Neither the EV battery swap model is new nor it was invented in China. However, it is the only market where several companies have implemented the model successfully and have concrete plans to further scale it up as a direct result of the supportive government policies. The established Chinese ...

Built at Regensburg factory in Germany, the third-generation BMW X1 is expected to peak at more than 132194 in 2023, according to S&P Global Mobility forecast.

  The 2022 Honda Civic Hatch is assembled at the Greensburg Assembly plant in United States .Production of the vehcile will peak at more than 93,700  units in 2023. 

A dramatic surge in new COVID-19 infections and the breakout of a new sub-strain of the Omicron variant forced the mainland Chinese government to impose a full-scale lockdown in the country’s financial hub, Shanghai, from early April. Shanghai is a major automotive component manufacturing hub as well, and a prolonged lockdown in the city would cause significant disruptions to vehicle production in the region, and logistical barriers hindering export of parts from the country. The lockdown h...

The 2022 Chevrolet Silverado is assembled at the Oshawa Assembly plant in southern Ontario .Production of the vehcile will peak at more than 84360  units in 2023. 

The ongoing conflict in Ukraine has disrupted production at several supplier facilities, forcing them to announce temporary production suspensions or shifts of production operations to other sites, opening another front for carmakers scrambling to stabilize their production output in light of the ongoing semiconductor shortages. Tier-1 suppliers, such as Leoni, Gentherm, Aptiv, Kostal, Kroschu, Fujikura, Sumitomo Electric, Nexans, Yazaki, and Prettl, have plants in Ukraine producing primarily wi...

The global automobile industry has experienced a huge change toward electrification in recent years. Startup battery-electric vehicle (BEV) manufacturers have played an essential role in this era and even led technical development in multiple segments. Aside from currently being the world’s largest automobile market, mainland China has been more aggressive than other regions to replace internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles with BEVs thus making mainland China home to many BEV startups. Acc...

Increasing demand for electric vehicle (EV) batteries that can deliver longer driving range, faster charging capabilities, safety, and sustainability is not only leading to a rapid evolution in the battery chemistries but also the thermal management techniques to optimize the battery performance. As vehicle manufacturers prepare for the global EV transition, the suppliers of thermal technologies, along with the new and upcoming startups, are increasingly working to develop innovative solutions t...

The first-generation Volkswagen ID4 is assembled at parent VW Group's factory in Zwickau Germany.Production of the new electric crossover will peak at more than 112,500 units in 2024. 

Well-known auto parts maker Aptiv acquired automotive and IoT software developer Wind River on 11 January 2022. This is the first automotive acquisition of this year. This deal is the biggest since 2017 and the divergence of Delphi by Aptiv. Aptiv Aptiv PLC, formerly known as Delphi Automotive PLC, is a tier-1 supplier for the automotive industry. Aptiv designs and manufactures vehicle components and provides electrical and electronic and active safety technology solutions to the global au...

The second-generation Opel/Vauxhall Mokka is assembled at the Stellantis Poissy facility in France. Output of this model, at the French plant, is expected to peak at more than 136,000 units in 2023, according to IHS Markit.

Produced by the Nissan since 2006, with most of the European volume built at Nissan’s Sunderland plant in the UK. Nissan’s compact crossover SUV is now in its third generation. With production starting in June 2021, the all-new Qashqai is Nissan's first model built in Europe using a significant number of lightweight aluminum panels, IHS Markit forecast production will reach its highest level of 303,000 units in 2023.

The first-generation Audi e-tron GT is assembled alongside the Audi R8 at Audi’s Boellinger Hoefe facility in Germany. Output of this model is expected to peak at 14,000 units in 2026, according to IHS Markit.

The second-generation BMW 2-Series 2-door coupé (G42) is the first BMW designed by BMW of Mexico. It is also assembled in BMW's San Luis Potosi plant in Mexico. Output of this model is expected to peak at around 43,000 units in 2024, according to IHS Markit.

The fifth-generation Jeep Grand Cherokee is assembled in Detroit Michigan, USA. Output of this model at the Michigan plants is expected to peak at around 480,000 units in 2023, according to IHS Markit.

On 15 November 2021, President Joe Biden signed into law the USD1.2-trillion infrastructure bill. The bill is expected to support the automotive industry in many ways, from improved road conditions, cleaner commercial vehicles, electric vehicle (EV) battery factories, battery recycling, and lithium mining and refining. However, one of the largest EV appropriations will be toward vehicle charging. Some USD7.5 billion has been allocated to alternative fuel charging, primarily for EV chargers and s...